![]() Depending on the disease condition, additional mechanisms that can contribute to an elevated physiological dead space measurement include shunt, a substantial increase in overall V'A/Q' ratio, diffusion impairment, and ventilation delivered to unperfused alveolar spaces. ![]() For the range of physiological abnormalities associated with an increased physiological dead space measurement, increased alveolar ventilation/perfusion ratio (V'A/Q') heterogeneity has been the most important pathophysiological mechanism. Figure 15.1: Schematic of a pulmonary shunt (anatomical or physiological) showing flow (Q) through the pulmonary capillaries (Q C. We will look now at how this is calculated from oxygen concentration. Although a frequently cited explanation for an elevated dead space measurement has been the development of alveolar regions receiving no perfusion, evidence for this mechanism is lacking in both of these disease settings. The size of a shunt (Q S) is expressed as the percentage of total blood (Q T in figure 15.1) (i.e., Q S /Q T ). ![]() ![]() An elevated physiological dead space, calculated from measurements of arterial CO2 and mixed expired CO2, has proven to be a useful clinical marker of prognosis both for patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome and for patients with severe heart failure. ![]()
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